Learn Whether Cloud Seeding Can Kill Hurricanes

Efforts at storm modification date back to the 1940s, when Dr. Irwin Langmuir and a team of scientist from General Electric explored the possibility of using ice crystals to weaken storms. This was Project Cirrus. Enthusiasm about this project, combined with devastation from a series of hurricanes that made landfall, prompted the U.S. federal government to appoint a Presidential Commission to investigate storm modification. What Was Project Stormfury? Project Stormfury was a research program for hurricane modification that was active between 1962 and 1983. The Stormfury hypothesis was that seeding the first rain band outside of the eyewall clouds with silver iodide (AgI) would cause supercooled water to turn into ice. This would release heat, which would cause the clouds to grow faster, pulling in air that would otherwise reach the wall of clouds around the eye. The plan was to cut off the air supply feeding the original eyewall, which would cause it to fade away while a second, wider eyewall would grow further from out from the storms center. Because the wall would be wider, air spiraling into the clouds would be slower. The partial conservation of angular momentum was intended to decrease the force of the strongest winds. At the same time the cloud seeding theory was being developed, a group at the Navy Weapons Center in California was developing new seeding generators that could release large amounts of silver iodide crystals i nto storms. Hurricanes That Were Seeded With Silver Iodide In 1961, the eyewall of Hurricane Esther was seeded with silver iodide. The hurricane stopped growing and showed signs of possible weakening. Hurricane Beulah was seeded in 1963, again with some encouraging results. Two hurricanes were then seeded with massive quantities of silver iodide. The first storm (Hurricane Debbie, 1969) weakened temporarily after being seeded five times. No significant effect was detected on the second storm (Hurricane Ginger, 1971). Later analysis of the 1969 storm suggested that the storm would have weakened with or without the seeding, as part of the normal eyewall replacement process.​ Discontinuing the Seeding Program Budget cuts and lack of definitive success led to the discontinuation of the hurricane seeding program. In the end, it was decided that funding would be better spent learning more about how hurricanes work and in finding ways to better prepare for and lessen the damage from natural storms. Even if it turned out cloud seeding or other artificial measures could lessen the intensity of the storms, there was considerable debate about where on their course the storms would be altered and concern over the ecological implications of changing the storms.

Sleep Disturbance And Day Time Sleepiness - 1135 Words

which his characterized by snoring, sleep disturbance and day time sleepiness. There is a close relation between OSA and hypertension; as many as one-third of hypertensive patients and above 80% of those with resistant hypertension have OSA. Alcohol- Higher intake of alcohol increases the blood pressure. Reducing alcohol leads to fall in the systolic blood pressure. Stress- Psychological or environmental stress play a part in the causes of hypertension. Direct effects of situations such as poverty, unemployment and poor education (stressors) are involved, as are other aspects of lifestyle that are linked to hypertension. Exercise- Physical activity increases blood pressure, but people who exercise regularly have lower blood pressures. Such people, however, also may have a healthier diet and more sensible drinking and smoking habits. Other dietary factors- Vegetarians generally have lower BP than non-vegetarians. Reducing a meat rich diet with vegetable products reduces blood pressure. Caffeine and caffeinated drinks also increases blood pressure and must be avoided. THE VARIOUS BODY MECHANISMS THAT CAUSES AND INFLUENCES HYPERTENSION The various mechanisms that cause and influences hypertension are actually built into us for good reasons: we need them to keep our blood pressure from falling too low. But when they go somewhat awry, they cause high blood pressure. And when that happens, we need treatment for hypertension, ironically aimed at the same mechanisms. 1. HowShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Technology Consumption And Sleep Deprivation984 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumption and sleep deprivation. In this technology driven Information Age many researchers believe it is important to determine the affect of such electronic devices on the population’s health and day-to-day life. While measuring scales and values differ among articles, there is an agreement among researchers that in bed technology use is positively associated with Insomnia. The relationship has been assessed through examination of morningness/eveningness, chronotype, daytime sleepiness and other determinatesRead MoreSleep Disturbances and Maternal Sleep1028 Words   |  5 PagesHypothesis: Children with sleep disturbances create poor quality of sleep and daytime functioning for the maternal parent. Variables: When predicting weather a child’s sleep disruptions affected the quality of maternal sleep; the dependent variable was the quality of sleep for the maternal parent and the independent variable was the child’s sleep disruptions. When predicting weather a child’s sleep disruption affected the daily functioning of the maternal parent; the dependent variables wereRead MoreThe Effects Of Partial Sleep Deprivation On Cognitive Performances944 Words   |  4 PagesThe effects of partial sleep deprivation on cognitive performances (such as attention and reaction time) was examined in twelve handball goalkeepers. After becoming familiar with the tests, the subjects participated in three tests in a randomized order over three days with a 72 hour rest period in between each session. These three days were (i) a reference-night which subjects slept nine hours, (ii) a partial sleep deprivation at the beginning of the night (SDB) where subjects slept from 3:00 toR ead MoreSleep Deprivation And Childhood Deprivation1628 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately 8-10 hours of sleep per night and young adults (18-25) should be getting 7-9 hours of sleep ideally (Ferrara Gennaro, 2001). Getting this amount of sleep is ideal for proper growth and health in teens/young adults. However, generally speaking ask any typical High Schooler, more common in Juniors/Seniors, and they will say that their sleep schedule is nowhere close to the recommended amount (Dinges, Pack, Williams et al. 1997). This is where the issue of sleep deprivation arises. 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The topic of sleep disorders is complex and extensive due to theRead MoreSleep Deprivation And Academic Performance1430 Words   |  6 PagesSleep Deprivation and Academic Performance in Adolescents Sleep deprivation is an increasing issue with adolescents. Statistics show that 60% of high schoolers report extreme daytime sleepiness. 20% to 33% of those high schools report falling asleep in class at least once during the week. Daytime sleepiness is only a small issue about sleep deprivation in students. Sleep deprivation negatively impacts school performance adolescent students because it interferes with brain development, create moodRead MoreThe Sleep Patterns Of University Students993 Words   |  4 PagesThe sleep patterns of university students are more problematic than those of high school students and non-university-attending adults: in one report, university students obtained fewer hours of sleep at night on leisure days relative to high school students, and their nighttime mid-sleep time was later on school days relative to that of high school students (Urner, Tornic, Bloch, 2009). Sleep problems in university student’s likely result from myriad influences, incl uding biological factors suchRead MoreSleep Needed for Human Life779 Words   |  4 PagesSleep is very important to a human being’s health. The consequences of sleep manifest in both health and performance. The relationships between sleep and performance have been studied in many different fields including human science, medicine, psychology, education, and business and etc. Sleep-related variables for instance sleep deficiency, sleep quality, sleep habits have been shown to influence the performance of students (Lack, 1986; Mulgrew et al., 2007; National Sleep Foundation, 2008; Pilcher

Reumatoid Arthritis a Debilitating Disease Essay Example For Students

Reumatoid Arthritis a Debilitating Disease Essay Rheumatoid Arthritis a Debilitating DiseaseIt began seven years ago when Sandra woke up and was getting out bed. She went to stand up and she felt this severe pain in both of her feet. When shelooked at her feet they were swollen and bluish red and warm to the touch. Shecould not understand what was happening. At first she thought she might havefrozen her feet. But as time went by she started to get lumps on the bottom ofher feet so she went to see the doctor. The doctor did some tests and hediagnosed Sandra with having a disease called rheumatoid arthritis though it was a mild case at the time. Over the past seven years it has became more severe, even doing little day- to- day jobs has become more difficult. Rheumatoid arthritis can be a crippling disease that causes painful swellingand stiffness that mainly affects the wrists and fingers but it can also affect otherareas of the body (The Arthritis Society, 2001). The Statistics from theCanadian Arthritis Society say it affects 300,000 Canadians, that is 1 in 10 willdevelop rheumatoid arthritis. This paper will discuss what rheumatoid arthritis is, some of the treatment for this disease and lifestyle changes that people can make to live a better with rheumatoid arthritis. What is rheumatoid arthritis? Doctors do not know what exactly causes rheumatoid arthritis, but rheumatoid arthritis is a debilitating disease that has several special features that makes it different from other kinds of arthritis. For example, rheumatoid arthritis generally occurs in a well-formed pattern. This means that if a knee or hand is involved, the other knee and hand are also involved (Nat’l Inst. Of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, 1998). Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease where the immune system begins to attack the joints. This causes an inflammation, usually in the small joints of the hands, wrists, feet and many times spreading to the knees and hips. The affected joints have pain, swelling, warmth, and stiffness after prolonged immobility, extreme fatigue and loss of function (Rall Roubenoff, 2000). In addition to affecting the joints, rheumatoid arthritis may occasionally affect the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood, nerves, and kidneys. You may al so experience lessening of appetite, weight loss and fevers. As well 20 per cent of people will develop lumps that form over the joints and other parts of the body, that are called rheumatoid nodules and that can be rather painful (The Arthritis Society, 2001). Rheumatoid arthritis affects every person differently. In most patients, joint symptoms develop gradually over several years. In some patients, rheumatoid arthritis may progress rapidly. Rheumatoid arthritis has a genetic or inherited factor that makes some people more likely to develop this disease than others (Shlotzhauer McGuire, 1993). Twice as many women develop rheumatoid arthritis than men. Most people will develop rheumatoid arthritis between the ages of 25 years and 50 years old but rheumatoid arthritis can affect people of all ages from toddlers to seniors. What are the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis? Most people with rheumatoid arthritis seek a variety of treatments for their arthritis. The first defense to fight rheumatoid arthritis is medication. According to the Arthritis Society, there are four types of medications used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. One group of medication is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; a medications that reduce the pain and swelling but does not prevent further joint damage. The second type of medication is disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; a group of medications that works by slowing or stopping the immune system from attacking the joints. The third medication is oral cortisone, which is a steroid that reduces inflammation and swelling. And the last group of medication is biologics, a newer drug. These drugs block specific hormones which are involved in the inflammatory process. These are the most common medications used in the fight against rheumatoid arthritis. Another treatmen t is using heat from a heating pad or a hot pack to relax the muscles, and reduce joint pain and soreness. Cold from an ice pack will help lessen the swelling in the joints. Sandra says,† I fine that if I use heat on my shoulders it helps quite a bit

The structure and arrangement of leafs Essay Example

The structure and arrangement of leafs Essay Leaf from a tree: below is a short description of an ordinary leaf. This is the most common set up for a leaf. Each cell has their important task for survival. The characteristic of an ordinary terrestrial leaf is:The leaf is wide and thin to expose as much photosynthetic cells as possible. The leaf has a waxy cuticle to protect the leaf from losing to much water. Below the cuticle is the epidermis that protects the plant from pathogens. The cuticle is secreted by epidermis. Under the epidermis palisade mesophyll can be found.They contain photosynthetic cells called chloroplast. Chloroplast are solar- powered-food-making cells for the rest of the plant. These absorb sunlight to join carbon dioxide and water molecules. The final product is glucose molecules. The by-product of this process is oxygen. Below the palisade mesophyll there are several types of cells: Xylem vessels are heavy lignifified and they are conducting water and mineral salts to the rest of the leaf. Phloem sleave tu bes remove products of photosyntasis, imports amino acid and redistribute ions (xylem and phloem are together vascular bundles). Spongy mesophyll are cells that contain some chloroplast, they are irregular in shape with large space in between the cells to allow exchange of gases. Water evaporates from these cells.Under the leaf is the lower epidermis. It has a similar structure and function as upper epidermis but thinner.In the lower epidermis guard cells and stomata is present.Stomata are pores in the leaf allowing diffusion of gases. Stomata are formed by two guard cells on each side of an opening of a pore.The stomata are responsible for the exchange of gases, it will also allow for loss of excess water or the retention of water. The stomata close at night and open during the day.NymphaeaWater lilyThe floating leaf such as the water lilys have their roots in a bottom of a pond and their leaves and flowers are floating on the surface of the water. The leaf is big and thin. This is to increase the surface to leave as many photosynthetic cells as possible exposed to the sun. The water lily has had to make adaptations to survive this environment.The epidermis produces a leathery and waxy cuticle. The cuticles task is to protect the plant from evaporation. The cuticle is important, as the plant has to protect itself from attacked by any bacteria, fungi or pathogens. This helps the plant floating and water can roll off keeping the leaf clean from dust assisting in photosynthesis. It also helps the structure of the plan so it dose not curl up or gets folded over by wind or waves. As the Nymphaea is always floating, the epidermis have all their stomata on the top of the leaf. This unusual arrangement allows the leaf to exchange gases. It also makes the plant loose more water but water is never a problem for a water lily.The stomata have pores in the epidermis accompanied by guard cells that has the ability to open the pores up or close them.The nympheae epidermis h as parlisade mesophyll that is rich in photosynthetic chloroplast. The Parlisade mesophyll is particularly thick in the water lily. The cells are stacked on top of each other and have big air spaces. These air spaces help the plant afloat. In the parlisade mesophyll are sclereids cells that are dead, hard, fibrous cells that support the structure to the leaf and provide some toughness for the leaf and prevent the parlisade mespophyll from collapsing.Below is the spongy mesophyll. Where some gas exchanges occur it also has intercellular cavities (aerenchyma), which provide buoyancy. The bottom of the leaf has epidermis but the stomata are plugged, not letting any water in to the air spaces.Marram grassMarram grass has adapted to survive life on a beach where it faces challenges such as sand blast, drought and a salty environment. When it rains fresh water drains quickly away in the sand. The marram grass has made many adaptations to retrain water. The plant has developed some salt re sistant.The marram grass is surrounded by water but fresh water is hard to come by on a beach. Marram grass has developed shallow root system and is dependent on condensation from fresh water in the sand dunes. In turn this helps the sand to stay on the beach.The roots suck up the water and distribute it to the rest of the plant.If the marram grass would have big leafs as the water lily or a tree leaf the marram grass would loose the water quickly due to evaporation.So marram grass has developed many additional adaptations to protect the water is has retained. The leaf itself it long, thin and rolled up. It has developed a thick waxy cuticle to reduce transpiration and protects it leaf from sandblast. The upper epidermis does not have any stomata. This is to reduce transpiration further. In the lower epidermis are hinge cells, these cell regulate the structure and control the cavity of the leaf. If the marram grass is under stress and does not have much water the hinge cells becomes flaccid making the marram grass to roll up to almost a circle and create a humid atmosphere inside the leaf. They are ether flaccid or rigid depending on whether the cells release or retrain water. In this way the marram grass can protect the water supply remaining in the plant and at the same time reduce the plants surface exposed from the drying effects of wind and sun. (In the lower epidermis stomata is present.) The mesophyll with its photosynthetic tissue is protected from direct sunlight. This is to reduce demand from water.The lower epidermis has fine hair that interlock in the rolled up state helping the plant to retain the water. When the plant spread the leaf out the fine hair can collect water vapour. When the plant is rolled up it prevent the plant from collecting carbon dioxide and no foodstuff for the plant is produced. This is a small price to pay for survival of the plant.EricaHeatherErica grows in bog land where the earth often gets waterlogged and soil has a high content of acid. The heather is exposed to wet, cold and windy weather and the soil has high peat content. To survive the Erica had to make adaptations. The plant does not retain water very well, as the leaf is small, thin and almost like a needle. The heather has developed defense mechanisms against dehydration. The leaf has a particularly thick epidermis and the cuticle is waxy and shiny. This is to protect the leaf from the winds dehydrating effects. The shine of the cuticle helps the leaf to reflect the heat this is also done to protect the plants water supply. The erica is partially rolled up this is to protect the under surface of the leaf against the wind. Stomata are only present under the leaf (abaxial surface). The stomata are sunken and surrounded by hairs and allow water vapor build up in this enclosed aria. These hairs and sunken stomata help to reduce the water evaporation. The hair also supplies the leaf with their own environment under the leaf to retrain water. The heather has evergreen leafs which means it can use the leaf more than one year to produce food for the plant.Further questions:1) How to prepare a microscope on a high power.a) Place the object on the stageb) Adjust the lens to the lowest magnification.c) Adjust the light adjuster making sure enough light gets in to the lens.d) Look at the object from the side of the stage and use the lens adjuster making sure the lens is just above the object.e) Look down the eye piece and adjust the focus until the object is in focus.f) Change the magnification to a higher power. Adjust the focus until you se the slide clearly.2a) 1 Epidermis, 2 Collenchyma, 3 Parenchyma, 4 Xylem,5 Sclerenchyma, 6 Cambium2b) Epidermis has tough fibers. Epidermis protects the plant from pathogens and forces like wind. The epidermis in helianthus is one cell thick but has developed small, thin hair. This is to preserve water in the plant by limiting air movement and to reflect light. The epidermis also produces the cuticle. This is to protect the plant further from water loss and invasion against bacteria and pathogens.Sclerenchyma is like a cap of the vascular bundle. They have developed in to supporting fibers that offer the plant strength. They are heavy lignified and have no living content.Cambium is a non-specified cell cells that are found in the middle of xylem or phloem. They are square like cells that can either divide to xylem or phoem, depending where the cells are needed.